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The Hongwu Emperor (; 21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang () and courtesy name Guorui (), was the founder and first emperor of the Ming dynasty of China. His temple name was Ming Taizu (), which literally means "Grand Ancestor of Ming". Hongwu, the era name of his reign, means "vastly martial". In the middle of the 14th century, with famine, plagues, and peasant revolts sweeping across China, Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the force that conquered China and ended the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Central Asian steppes. Following his seizure of the Yuan capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), Zhu claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368. Trusting only in his family, he made his many sons powerful feudal princes along the northern marshes and the Yangtze valley.〔 Having outlived his first successor, the Hongwu Emperor enthroned his grandson via a series of instructions; this ended in failure when the Jianwen Emperor's attempt to unseat his uncles led to him being overthrown by one of his uncles, Zhu Di, who later became the Yongle Emperor.〔Chan Hok-lam. "(Legitimating Usurpation: Historical Revisions under the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 14021424) )". ''The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History''. Chinese University Press, 2007. ISBN 962996239X, 9789629962395. Accessed 12 Oct 2012.〕 Most of the historical sites related to the Hongwu Emperor are located in Nanjing, the original capital of the Ming dynasty. == Early life == Zhu was a born into a desperately poor peasant tenant farmer family in Zhongli Village in the Huai River plain, which is in present-day Fengyang, Anhui Province.〔Mote, Frederick W. (1988). The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 11.〕〔Dreyer, 22–23.〕 His father was Zhu Shizhen (朱世珍, original name Zhu Wusi 朱五四) and his mother was Chen Erniang. He had seven older siblings, several of whom were "given away" by his parents, as they did not have enough food to support the family.〔''History of Ming'', vol. 1〕 When he was 16, the Huai River broke its banks and flooded the lands where his family lived. Subsequently, a plague killed his entire family, except one of his brothers. He then buried them by wrapping them in white clothes. Destitute, Zhu accepted a suggestion to take up a pledge made by his late father and became a novice monk at the Huangjue Temple,〔Mote, J.F. ''Imperial China 900–1800'' Harvard University Press (5 December 2003) ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7 pp.543–545 (Google Books Search )〕 a local Buddhist monastery. He did not remain there for long as the monastery ran short of funds and he was forced to leave. For the next few years, Zhu led the life of a wandering beggar and personally experienced and saw the hardships of the common people. After about three years, he returned to the monastery and stayed there until he was around 24 years old. He learned to read and write during the time he spent with the Buddhist monks. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hongwu Emperor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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